Nature Connectedness

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​What actually is nature connectedness? Like with all  'buzzwords'  a lack of a clear definition can lead to confusion with regards to the meaning or perspective that is taken. Also in academia, the concept is rather used in an undefined way, assuming its' easy understanding. Some authors though, tried to clarify the concept by analyzing its variety of interpretations. Christopher Ives (2018) and his colleagues, for example, provided a conceptual foundation of the multi-faceted concept. It includes five types of nature connections: material connections, such as the use and extraction of resources. Think about our connection to nature through eating food, farming, cutting wood, or selling flowers. It also includes  experiential connections such as recreational activities in natural environments, such as camping, gardening, painting, meditating, hiking, surfing, climbing, horse-back riding etc. Additionally, the authors mention cognitive connections. This includes things like knowledge, beliefs and attitudes. We learn about the seasons, the names of birds and trees, we know about the variety of species, we know that the weather is something different than the climate. This knowledge shapes what we believe and how we act and co-shape our environment. Fourthly, Ives et al discuss emotional connections and affective responses: what we feel when we see a beautiful lake, how we are moved when hearing a bird song, or also the fear and disgust we can experience by encountering venomous snakes or spiders. Lastly, the authors distinguish philosophical connections. These are the perspectives on humanity’s relationship to the natural world. This can for example include ideas on how we ought to live with nature, what nature actually is, and what our human place is in nature.

 

Based on recent sources (i.e. Zelenski et al, 2023), emphasizing the spiritual connection with nature, I would include this as a sixth type of connection. This type of connection is not seldomly mentioned, although it is not always called 'spiritual', but rather in the context of feelings and emotions. Spiritual connection is the way nature can for example inspire awe, or feelings of being part of a larger whole. Spiritual connection-experiences are indeed closely related to emotional connections. However, where emotions can be destabilizing, spiritual connections can transcend emotions in a way that includes broadened awareness; a consciously extended sense of self, often described as a feeling of cosmic love and being one with all that is (Bethelmy & Corraliza, 2019; Snell & Simmonds, 2015).

 

All the above described types of nature-connection interact with each other in various ways and on various levels. Depending on the situation and context, the focus can shift. (In a SoulEtude nature-connectedness workshop for example, the focus will be on fostering a combination of experiential, emotional, philosophical and spiritual connections, not so much on cognitive or material connections).

 

Most nature connectedness studies have been focusing on the individual connection scale. However, also society- or socio-cultural scale phenomena are important to consider, especially when it concerns our current socio-cultural disconnection, the environmental a, health and well-being crises caused by it, and how re-connecting with nature is seen as a remedy to these typical problems of our era (Zelenski et al, 2023). 

 

Nature as a Remedy

The idea that nature is closely related to our health is not new. It can be traced back to the origins of the Indian life science Ayurveda (4000 years ago), which inspired the Greek Philosopher Hippocrates to write his treatise called 'Airs, Waters, and Places'.

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For treating a patient, Hippocrates placed emphasis on studying the environment and its influence on the patient. He stated that “our natures are the physicians of our diseases”.

For the largest part of human history, the interconnection between nature and health has been taken for granted. This changed when modernization increasingly alienated us from our natural world.

 

Classical Newtonian science, urbanization, industrialization of agriculture and food production, and modern allopathic medicinal practices, contributed to a perspective that we are separate entities from nature. In allopathic medicine, for example, a focus on pathology and symptoms emerged, that can be treated with technological or otherwise synthetic remedies. This has brought us much insight into our bodily functions, and it has brought many important ways to treat symptoms and many diseases.

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However, modern allopathic medicine overlooked trying to scientifically understand the relation of our bodies and minds with natural systems – like soil, air, water, climate, biodiversity, and food - which are (next to our social communities) the existential foundations of our health and wellbeing.

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Critical theorists and philosophers in the fields of (deep) ecology, ecofeminism and sustainability claim that this 'machine-world' paradigm, providing humans a separate status disconnected from nature, has led to the current ecological multi-crisis of our planet.

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One way of dealing with this crisis is finding pathways to reconnect humanity with nature. Through deep and consciously empathic reconnection, both humans and the planet can be restored into a healthy, balanced, and sustainable/resilient state. In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, we also need to work on our Inner Development Goals (Zelensky, 2024).

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This ideal of reconnection is based on the hypothesis that humans are evolutionarily wired with an “innate affinity for meaningful contact with nature”: the Biophilia Hypothesis (E.O. Wilson, 1986). We are species that evolved in a close relationship to nature and we will be getting fundamentally unwell if our contact with nature is being disrupted by our modern urbanized lifestyles. As such, following the logic of the Biophilia Hypothesis, our global ecological crisis is an existential crisis to our wellbeing at the same time.

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A growing body of research finds that the stresses caused by modern lifestyles, can be greatly relieved by participation in nature. Hiking, spending time in parks, gardening, forest bathing (shinrin yoku), outdoor sports, and even caring for indoor plants or looking at large nature themed posters, are found to help reducing stress and increasing the function of our immune system and cardiovascular health in multiple ways. Research on the relation between nature and human health spans mental, physical, social, and spiritual benefits.

 

One of the most cited author couples on the mental benefits of nature connectedness are Rachel and Stephen Kaplan, who introduced the Attention-Restoration Theory (ART) . This theory suggests that spending time in nature can help restore our ability to focus after mental fatigue. According to the Kaplans, we use two types of attention: directed attention and involuntary attention. Directed attention is typically used for tasks that require mental effort, like studying or working. It strains and tires our mind. Involuntary attention is attention that is 'automatically' triggered by things that spontaneously capture our attention, like bird songs, rustling leaves, beautiful sights or the sound of waves. Nature is full of stimuli that engage involuntary attention without overwhelming us. While being distracted by nature, our directed attention system can take some rest to recover. Our tired and overloaded minds can recharge in nature.

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A Landmark study from 1984 by Roger Ulrich, showed that patients with a window view of nature were recovering faster from surgery and in less need for pain medication, than patients without a view of nature. A study by White and colleagues (2013) showed that exposure to green space is linked to lower rates of depression, particularly in urban populations. Bratman et al (2015) conclude that spending time in green environments leads to more positive affect, reduced rumination, and greater emotional resilience. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis by Antonelli et al (2022) found that forest bathing significantly reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety, highlighting its therapeutic potential for mental well-being. A very recent population-based study in Sweden (2024) found that engaging in nature-related habits, such as spending time in gardens and forests, was associated with better mental health outcomes, including reduced depression, anxiety, and loneliness during the covid pandemic (Björk et al, 2024).

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Quite some recent studies underscore the multifaceted physiological benefits of nature exposure, ranging from stress reduction and cardiovascular improvements to neurophysiological and immunological enhancements. Many studies, such as a recent one by Jessica Stanhope and Philip Weinstein (2024), confirm the positive effect of nature exposure on the gut microbiome: it enhances the immune system functioning.

Qing Li, the Japanese founder of the now popular Shinrin Yoku practice, found that forest bathing increases the immune system through increased Natural Killer Cell (NK) activity. NK Cells are a type of white blood cell that fights infections and cancer. Also, Li found that stress hormone levels, like cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, were lowered after a forest bathing session. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) was lowered too, indicating improved autonomous nervous system balance. Heart rate variability improved, which is a marker of cardiovascular and emotional health. Sleep was enhanced and anxiety, depression and aggression were reduced too (Li, 2009; 2010; 2018).

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Also the social benefits of nature connection have been researched profoundly. Social benefits arise from shared experiences, improved interpersonal dynamics, and enhanced community well-being. Mayer and Frantz (2004) found that nature connection predicts environmentally responsible behavior and civic engagement. Louv (2008) highlights how nature-based activities (like gardening, hiking, and camping) create common ground for families and multiple generations to spend meaningful time together. Weinstein et al (2009) showed that exposure to nature increases empathy, generosity, and willingness to help others. A study by Marselle et al (2019) found that nature connection programs decrease loneliness and build friendships, especially in older adults.

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Scientific research also underscores the profound spiritual benefits of nature connectedness. Consciously engaging with nature, for example walking in the mountains, or sitting at the seashore, not only enhances psychological well-being but also fosters a deeper sense of purpose, awe, and interconnectedness. These experiences contribute to spiritual well-being (Keniger et al, 2013). 

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In a meta-analysis Pritchard et al (2020) emphasize how nature connectedness refers to an individual's emotional relationship with the natural world. Research, such as by Nisbet et al, 2011) indicates that this connectedness is positively correlated with eudaimonic well-being, which includes aspects like autonomy, personal growth, and a sense of purpose and leading a meaningful life. Pritchard et al. found that individuals with higher nature connectedness reported greater levels of these eudaimonic well-being indicators. Some studies underscore the beneficial interplay between mindfulness practices and nature exposure, highlighting their combined potential to enhance spiritual well-being, mood, and a sense of connectedness to the environment (Lumber et al, 2017; Nisbet et al , 2019; Djernis et al, 2022; Richardson & Sheffield, 2021).

 

The spiritual benefits of nature connectedness are also emphasized in an inspiring article by Zelenski and his colleagues (2023). According to these authors, reconnecting with nature can counteract the effects of disconnection, distraction and stress of modern life, by reinstating a sense of purpose and belonging. The authors emphasize the importance of the cultivation of inner development and how nature immersion can help with this. Nature connectedness is linked to the development of "inner assets" such as empathy, compassion, and mindfulness. Engagement with natural environments often evokes feelings of awe and transcendence, facilitating experiences that go beyond the self and foster a deeper connection to the universe. Such experiences are central to many spiritual traditions and contribute to a holistic sense of well-being. The article portrays an outlook on ecological awareness merged with spiritual practice (eco-spirituality). This integration emphasizes the sacredness of the natural world and encourages a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment.

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This bridges into the planetary benefits of nature connectedness. Nature connectedness is not only about human well-being, stress reduction, and health. Reconnecting with nature also includes emerging benefits for the ecological state of the planetary system, and its non-human inhabitants. A wide range of scholars from many scientific fields - amongst others psychology to, sociology, philosophy sustainability science, and conservation biology - acknowledged our modern disconnection with nature, through industrialization, urbanization and digitalization, as the root cause of the multiple ecological crises we are 

currently experiencing (Weinstein, et al, 2009; Folke et al, 2011; Fischer et al, 2012; Frantz & Mayers, 2014; Zelenski et al, 2023; Lumber et al, 2017).

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Zelenski and colleagues (2023) amongst many scholars show: experiencing meaningful contact with nature increases our empathy and our willingness to take care of nature. Zelenski introduces the concept of Inner Development Goals as a means to reach the global Sustainable Development Goals. The authors argue that the modern disconnection from nature contributes significantly to personal, societal, and planetary health crises. Reestablishing this connection is posited as essential for fostering both individual well-being and collective ecological responsibility. Inner growth is seen as instrumental in driving outward actions that promote environmental stewardship and social cohesion. 

 

Christopher Ives and his colleagues (2018) discuss "how reconnecting people with nature can function as a treatment for the global environmental crisis". The authors profoundly and systematically explored examples of how various actions to reconnect people with nature can helpful in a societal sustainability transition.

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Pathways to nature connectedness

​Now we know why nature connectedness is beneficial for human wellbeing, let's look into how to establish the relationship. Many research has been done on what kind of activities people can undertake in order to get 'exposure'  to nature (Nguyen & Walters, 2024; Zhang & Li, 2024; Hackenmiller & Thompson, 2024; Chen & Wang, 2024). But exposure is something that does not automatically establishes connection. Ryan Lumber, Miles Richardson and David Sheffield investigated how individuals can reach a deeper connection with nature (Lumber et al, 2017). Their study identified five key pathways that foster a stronger bond with nature. Interestingly, cognitive knowledge about nature did not translate into a deeper connection. The Five Pathways that according to these researchers do establish a deeper connection are:

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• Contact: Direct physical interaction through the senses with natural environments.

• Emotion: Experiencing feelings towards nature.

• Compassion: Demonstrating care and concern for the natural world, and being able to identify with it.

• Meaning: Finding personal significance or symbolism in natural elements.

• Beauty: Appreciating the aesthetic aspects of nature.

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The findings suggest that fostering a connection with nature goes beyond merely providing information or encouraging passive exposure. Engagement strategies that incorporate sensory, emotional, meaningful, compassionate, and aesthetic experiences are more effective in deepening individuals' relationship with the natural world. The Five Pathways to Nature Connectedness have been widely applied in both research and practice since their introduction in 2017. They have informed a variety of programs and interventions across sectors such as mental health, education, conservation, and community engagement. The UK National Trust for example, adopted the Five Pathways framework to enhance visitor experiences at their sites. By shifting focus from purely informational content to activities that engage the senses and emotions, they aimed to foster deeper connections with nature among visitors (National Trust, 2020). Applications in various settings have been further researched, from societal scale implementation to therapeutical interventions. 

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In the SoulEtude practices, we also use these Five Pathways to establish a deeper connection to nature.

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Sources:

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• Wilson, Edward O. (1984) Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-07442-4.​​

• Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6143402​

• Stephen Kaplan (1995) The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 169-182​

• Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2003). Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 17(2), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930302297​

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• Louv, R. (2008). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Algonquin Books​

• Qing Li (2009) Effect of phytoncide from trees on human natural killer cell function. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 22(4):951-9​

• Qing Li (2010). Effect of forest bathing trips on human immune function. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0086-9​

• Qing Li (2018). Forest Bathing: How Trees Can Help You Find Health and Happiness. Viking. ​

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